The dismal figures from the Office for National Statistics showed construction, manufacturing and hospitality all struggled.
Building was the worst hit, down 5.2% on the previous quarter, but manufacturing slumped by 1.3% and services output was down 0.1%.
The ONS said "special events" such as the prolonged spell of wet weather and the Diamond Jubilee weekend had hurt the recovery.
Mr Osborne's plans to cut the deficit, which relied on growth of at least 2% a year, are now in tatters and Britain's AAA credit rating is at risk of being downgraded.
The dire state of the economy will also pile pressure on David Cameron to think about moving the Chancellor to another post when he carries out an autumn reshuffle.
Even his own deputy, Lib Dem Treasury Chief Secretary Danny Alexander, declined three times to comment on his boss's future.
Mr Osborne said of the dire ONS figures: "Of course there are one-off factors like the Bank Holiday, but that's not an excuse I'm using.
"Frankly, even without that these would be disappointing numbers, and I think they just remind us that Britain has some deep-rooted economic problems that are going to take time to solve.
"We've also got the debt crisis abroad, and all of these things, of course, make it a big challenge for a country.
"But we've got to have that relentless focus on the economy, we've got to make sure we're getting lending to businesses, that we're investing in the future, investing in infrastructure, and that's precisely what the Government is doing."
The Prime Minister accepted the figures were "very disappointing" but refused calls to change course.
Mr Cameron continued to blame the eurozone crisis for the problems, even though France and Germany have so far avoided recession.
He added: "They show the extent of the economic difficulties that we're grappling with, not least the situation right across the eurozone where our neighbours are also struggling."
But Labour leader Ed Miliband said: "Today is the day we see this Government's economic plan has failed.
"They promised change but month on month, year on year, things are getting worse and it's families and businesses paying the price."